Saturday, November 26, 2011

The One Tree by Stephen R. Donaldson


The Second Chronicles of Thomas Covenant the Unbeliever, Book 2
The One Tree
By Stephen R. Donaldson
Copyright 1982

The One Tree picks up at the end of The Wounded Land. Covenant has just delivered the tormented souls of the Giants of Seasearch their long sought peace by sending them to their final rite of Camora – the Giant rite of cleansing pain and grief by fire. In exchange for Covenant helping end the torment of their lost brethren , the Giants of Seasearch agree to take Covenant to find the One Tree from which the Staff of Law was hewn.

Without any real idea of where they are headed, The party sets sale aboard the Starfare Gem – the giant warship made of stone. After a few days out to sea, Linden becomes uneasy. She senses a raver is aboard the ship. The Giants conduct a search of their massive ship, but find no stowaways. Just as they complete their search, the ship is attacked by a swarm of rats containing the spirit of the raver.

Covenant is bitten which reactivates his venom. His power grows and he begins to let loose with blasts of white magic from his ring. Fearing for the safety of his friends and their quest, Covenant mentally seals himself off from the rest of the world, lapsing into a catatonic state.

Linden, ever fearful of intimacy and human contact, is forced to enter Covenant’s mind and possess him so that she can force him to come back. Covenant is restored, but more nervous and paranoid than ever about his growing power.

The Giants lead the ship to an island inhabited by a race known to Giants. The First of the Search informs Linden and Covenant that the inhabitants of this island are temperamental barterers with whom they need to tread lightly. Covenant and his Giant host come ashore along with several Bloodguard. There, they are greeted by the Elohim – a race of people who are not quite corporal, who emerge and disappear from the earth and air. From them, they hope to learn the whereabouts of the One Tree.

The Elohim are delighted to greet Linden Avery, whom they hale as the Sunbane and savior of the land. However, they are exceptionally displeased to find out that Covenant possesses the ring. Linden perceives that the Elohim are not a people but an entity composed almost entirely of earthpower. This the Elohim acknowledge. They also claim that they are forbidden in aiding the quest in any way.

Covenant pleads and then demands that they reveal the location of the One Tree. The knowledge was stored in Covenant’s mind by the Forrestal when Covenant visited with his dead friends in the plains of Andelain. The Elohim meet Covenant’s demand. They reveal to the Giants the location of the One Tree. However, in the process, Covenant is once again rendered semi-comatose. When the ritual is done, he will not communicate or respond. He simply mutters, “Don’t touch me,” to any statement.

The Starfare Gem once again sets sail with the party aboard. Days pass and Covenant’s silence persists. Linden fusses and worries about how she can release whatever spell the Elohim have cast upon him. Meanwhile, the one Giant aboard the ship who shares Linden’s earth sense inexplicably starts attacking a ship’s mast. The giant forces from the stone the leader of the Elohim, Findail, who stowed away aboard their ship. Findail refuses to reveal his purpose aboard their ship and refuses any aid. He, like the ur-vile Vain, takes a place on the foredeck of the ship and remains still.

The next day, the ship is hit by a giant storm. It is severely damaged by the storm, having lost its center mast and taking on water. The crew is forced to put in at an island called Bhraithar. Bhraither is a militaristic society ruled by a leader known as gaddhi, Rant Obsolane who it is said dominated the powerful and evil Sandgorgons – an indigenous creature thought to be indestructible – that had bedeviled the inhabitants of the city for generations.

Once again, Linden is joined by the First of the Search, along with several other Giants and Bloodguard. They also bring Covenant along. They are first greeted Kaseryn – the Gaddhi’s major domo who is solicitous and cordial. Kaseryn assures the Giants that they may use whatever stone is necessary to fashion a new mast and that their supplies will be restored.

They are then taken to meet the Gaddhi who turns out to be a small, petty, seemingly powerless man. IT occurs to Linden that Kaseryn is the power behind the throne.

Kaseryn’s true goal is to possess Covenant’s ring. One night, he kidnaps Covenant from his room and attempts to release the spell holding his mind hostage. Unable to free Covenant and compel him to give up his ring, he decides to turn his attention to Linden.

Kaseryn takes the party hostage with his guards and leads them to the city wall, accompanied by the Gaddhi. Once there, the Gaddhi – petulantly angry with the party over the slaying of one of his guards – tosses a piece of his jewelry over the wall and demands that the Bloodguard Cail retrieve it. A rope is lowered and Cail descends. There he is attacked and slain by a Sandgorgon. The rest of the party is taken prisoner and Kaseryn promises more death if Linden will not free Covenant’s mind so he can give up his ring. Linden enters Covenant’s mind, but she tricks Kaseryn by instructing Covenant to say the Sandgorgon’s name, thus summoning it. She removes the spell placed on Covenant and places it on herself to free him. He says the Sandgorgon’s name, summoning the creature who immediately begins to attack and destroy the city’s walls.

Kaseryn seizes Covenant and takes him to his laboratory to take the ring. Before he can, however, the Bloodguard Brinn kills him and saves Covenant.

The party retreats from the city as the Sandgorgon destroys it. They get to the Starfare Gem to find most of the repairs completed and provisions replaced. They flee Bhraithar headed toward the one tree.

Covenant and Linden fall in love.

They sail for days and eventually reach the island that is home to the One Tree. The party takes a boat ashore, accompanied by Vain who takes it upon himself to enter the boat, and Findail. Once there, Brinn tells them that their people believe that one of their own is the guardian of the One Tree and a Bloodguard must best him in battle for access to the tree to be possible. To master the guardian, Brinn tells them, is to learn the meaning and the purpose of their rigid and joyless existence in servitude.

Brinn ascends the cliff and fights the guardian, besting him. Brinn returns to the party and tells them that he has taken the place of the guardian for all time and directs the party to follow him to the One Tree.

The party arrives in a deep cavern inhabited by a solitary, giant tree. Linden can sense the overwhelming earthpower in seeping through the bows and the trunk. As Covenant begins to search for a bow that is straight and true to serve as the new staff, the Giant Cable Seadreamer, gifted with earthsight and cursed with speechlessness, tries to get Covenant to stop what he is doing. Finally, in frustration, he rushes at the tree, summoning its true guardian.

The Worm of World’s End, Findail tells them, is the guardian of the One Tree. Covenant’s white magic springs to life and is more powerful than ever. He prepares to slay the worm to gain the tree. Findail tells Linden that events have transpired to the designs of Lord Foul. Lord Foul wanted Covenant to gain the One Tree to fight the worm. To best the worm, Covenant, now brimming with uncontrollable white magic, will unleash enough power to destroy the Arch of Time and release Lord Foul from The Land and allow him to do his will across the cosmos.

Meanwhile, a change has come over Vain. He is struck by one of the balls of energy unleashed by the arrival of the worm. His arm, bearing one of the bands of the original Staff of Law, turns into wood.

With Covenant ready to burst with power, Linden is able to talk Covenant down. Recalling the cryptic words the ghost of his old friend, High Lord Mhoram, “that which you seek is not what you need,” he releases the power.

The island begins to shake and collapse around them. The party flees with Brinn’s help. They return to Starefare Gem in time to watch the island collapse. The quest for the One Tree and a new Staff of Law has failed.

Thus, the book ends inconclusively with the party having achieved nothing. This is my primary frustration with this book and the reason it is the only book in the entire series I did not like at all.

The pace of the book is ponderously slow with page after page of lugubrious introspection on Linden’s part. This book does develop her character a great deal. But she is revealed as a pitiful, mousy person full of self loathing. Perhaps Donaldson was trying to make her more pitiful than Covenant. But at least Covenant was defiantly pitiful and self loathing.

The two diversions both feel like they were tacked on to pad the story. Findail does become essential to the story later. But he joins the party early in this book and is set on the foredeck of the ship, out of the reader’s way and out of his mind. That seems like cheating a little. The trip to Bhraithar is a pointless diversion that adds nothing to the central story.

Donaldson spends almost 500 pages in taking the reader on a doomed quest that accomplishes little and reveals nothing. I understand the concept of a trilogy and how each book is but one segment of a story. But each segment must advance the central plot. In The One Tree, Donaldson zigs and zags around, but doesn’t take us anywhere.

Tuesday, November 15, 2011

Profiles in Courage by John F. Kennedy


Profiles in Courage
By John F. Kennedy
Copyright 1955

Forward by Allan Nevins
Historian Allan Nevins describes for readers how each of the subjects selected by Sen. Kennedy for his book was a hero who risked entire careers, reputations, and lives in defense of a noble cause in the face of tremendous adversity.

Preface
Sen. Kennedy describes how the idea for this book and most of its research and writing took place as he convalesced from back surgery. He then proceeds to thank the people who helped him with his research, writing, and editing. Perhaps it is fitting that he saved Theodore Sorenson, whom he calls his research associate, for last in his list of thank yous because it has become apparent over time that, while Kennedy selected the subjects and had a hand in the writing of the book, the actual prose belong to Sorenson.

Courage and Politics
In this remarkable essay, Kennedy describes the constant conflicts and pressures confronted by members of Congress when they go about their business and how one’s conscience, desire to accomplish goals must be balanced against his loyalty to his constituents, his loyalty to his nation, and his own sense of what needs to be done.

Kennedy’s essay today should be required reading for all students of American government. With the entirely dysfunctional Senate we have now, this essay is illuminating. With the wingnuts of both parties demanding ideological purity – profiles in courage on each and every issue – this essay is particularly topical.

This is because most people do not understand how the Senate works and what a Senator must do to accomplish the greater good. They assume that the send their senator to Washington to always vote his or her conscience and always do what they know to be right while always voting the way his constituents would have him vote.

However, a senator who routinely defies his party will never accomplish anything. He will be marginalized, so party loyalty is of the essence. Fellow senators understand the pressures of loyalty versus constituent interests and matters of conscience and one need not tow the party line constantly to be an accepted member of the club. But to expect a senator to maintain ideological purity at all times, to vote strictly in the interest of his state at all times when the needs of the nation must be weighed, is unreasonable.

I disapprove of today’s ideological electorate every bit as much as I disapprove of Congress.

Members of the Tea Party and the uber liberals of the Democratic party should read Kennedy’s essay and take it to heart.

Part One: Time and Place
Kennedy sets the stage for his first profile in courage by describing a U.S. Senate that is not the great deliberative body it was designed to be. In 1803, the Senate was little more than an advisory body to the president and the disposer of what the House proposed.

Thus the Senate was until forced to act on the possibility of war for the young nation. As British naval vessels seized American ships and American sailors and impressed them into service in the British Navy in the country’s war against the French, it was clear the situation was becoming untenable for the United States and action would soon be necessary.

Here, we see a young U.S. Senator, heir to a tarnished family legacy, struggle between what he knows is in the best interest of his nation and what the constituents in his home state want and need. The debate over American declaration of war upon Great Britain after the incident between the American ship, The Chesapeake and the British ship, The Leopard.

John Quincy Adams
History refers to John Quincy Adams as “Old Man Eloquent.” This nom de plume comes from his later years in the House of Representatives fighting the fight against slavery in the early days of the abolitionist movement. But before he served his long term in the House, and before he spent four unhappy years in the White House, John Quincy Adams served as the junior senator from Massachusetts.

Young Adams was a Federalist like his father before him. Having served as an ambassador during his father’s administration, he was recalled after Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams to gain the presidency. Massachusetts remained a strong Federalist stronghold and shortly after his return to the United States, Adams was appointed to the Senate by the Massachusetts legislature.

It did not take him long to earn the scorn of Federalists in Massachusetts. In 1803, he had supported Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase. Federalists regarded this as an unconstitutional expansion of executive power. The party, now relegated to a New England sectional party, also saw the westward expansion as a threat to their regional political power. Adams was excoriated in his home state for his support of Jefferson.

After the Chesapeake Incident, Adams was in a quandary which would require him to tap all of the courage he could muster. To retaliate, Jefferson had proposed an embargo on trade with Great Britain. Massachusetts and New England relied heavily on this trade for their economic livelihood. As the war between Great Britain and France wore on, the sentiment in New England was decidedly pro-British.

But Adams realized that such an attack could not pass without retaliation. America was still a young nation and Great Britain was showing contempt for American sovereignty. Although his constituents would have him support and represent their interests in the U.S. Senate, Adams viewed the problem as a national problem. He ultimately cast his vote with the Republicans in favor of the embargo.

The reaction in Massachusetts was every bit as bad as Adams had anticipated. He was excoriated in newspapers, deserted by friends, mocked to his face. What must have made it even more painful for young John Quincy Adams was he committed this act of party defiance in support of Thomas Jefferson – a man he despised for his cunning and duplicity in defeating his father for the presidency.

But Adams expressed no regrets over the vote. He appeared at a Republican meeting to discuss the embargo. To Federalists, this apostasy was beyond the pale. The embargo went into effect and hard times fell on Massachusetts. Adams would not be sent back to the Senate when his term expired.

Time bore out Adams’ wisdom. The British continued and ramped up their antagonism of the United States, eventually leading to war. Today, it is easy to see the wisdom of Adams’ approach to his duties as a legislator. But viewed through Adams’ eyes at the time, it must have seemed to be political suicide. It was not.

Adams would go on to assist in the formation of the Whig Party and would be elected President. His defeat for re-election also seemed to portend his political death. However, he was sent by the electors of his congressional district to the House of Representatives where he served for many years until his death in the House chambers in 1848. He and Andrew Johnson remain the only two presidents to rejoin the legislature upon leaving the presidency.

Part Two: Time and Place
By 1850, the Senate had evolved into the great deliberative body envisioned by the Founding Fathers. This was the Senate’s golden age with the likes of Daniel Webster, John Calhoun, Henry Clay, Salmon Chase, Thomas Hart Benton, and Sam Houston graced the stately senate chamber.

The great issue of the day was slavery and maintaining the union in the face of growing antipathy for the South’s Peculiar Institution in the North and growing distrust of the North’s political clout in the House. Repeatedly, states were admitted two at a time to maintain the balance between slave and free states in the Senate. The architect for these compromises was the Kentucky Senator, Henry Clay.

This delicate balancing act was thrown off balance by the acquisition of Texas and other new lands in the Mexican-American War and the Wilmot Proviso which proposed banning slavery in any new state or territory acquired during that war. Secessionists convened at Nashville and began laying out a plan for the southern states to secede from the union.

The Great Compromiser Henry Clay once again took up legislative pen and hammered out a compromise he hoped would restore balance and preserve the union. He crafted the Compromise of 1850 which called for: 1) California was to be admitted as a free state; 2)New Mexico and Utah were to be organized as territories with no declaration as to whether they were free or slave holding territories; 3) Texas was to be compensated for territory which it ceded to New Mexico; 4) slavery was abolished in Washington, D.C.; 5) Strengthening the Fugitive Slave Act to assure that slaves fleeing to the north would not be given amnesty from their southern owners. Like most compromises, there was something for everyone to hate in the compromise.

Sectional tensions were at their highest. In this chapter, Kennedy profiles Daniel Webster of Massachusetts who sacrificed his political career to support the compromise and the union by delivering his famous Seventh of March speech, Thomas Hart Benton who, despite the pro-slavery sentiments of his state, fought to preserve the union, and Sam Houston, the Texas patriot who sacrificed the adoration of his fellow Texans in the name of American unity.

Daniel Webster
Kennedy notes that Daniel Webster was the greatest orator in the history of the Senate. With today’s lengthy quorum calls, floor maneuvers, speechless filibusters, and vacant chambers, it is hard to believe that one man could command the attention of 99 fellow senators. Daniel Webster was such a man.

While Webster is a vaunted historical figure today, he was not for many years. His name was held in scorn for betraying the cause of abolition for which he had fought his entire career. As was John Quincy Adams, Webster was a Massachusetts man and the state that led the way toward American independence did not value independence in its senators. It demanded that they represent their interests. As far as Massachusetts was concerned, their interests lied in the abolition of slavery.

Kennedy points out that Webster, while a great orator who moved audiences with his speeches, was a flawed man. While it might be a stretch to say he was on the take or corrupt, he did expect to be paid for favors delivered. Webster accepted cash and gifts from all comers and had no qualms about doing so, nor did he try to hide it.

When the time came for Clay to push for passage of his compromise he hoped would one more time maintain the union in the face of sectional tension, he knew he needed Daniel Webster to deliver. Clay called on Webster one cold evening and the two talked late into the night about how Webster could play his part in sustaining American unity.

On March 7, 1850, Daniel Webster prepared to deliver his speech. The Senate gallery was packed with people who had traveled from all parts of the country to hear the man from Massachusetts defend Clay’s compromise. Senators stood in the aisle, offering their seats to the women present.

Vice President Fillmore gaveled the chamber into order and opened the Senate for business. The senator who held the floor immediately yielded to Webster. He rose and began in his measured voice, “I wish to speak today, not as a Massachusetts man, nor as a Northern man, but as an American and a member of the Senate of the United States. . .I speak today for the preservation of the Union. Hear me for my cause.”

For the next three hours, Webster spoke. The galleries were silent. Senators listened with rapt attention. The venerable and frail John Calhoun, champion of the southern cause, was assisted to his seat to listen. When Webster yielded the floor, the chamber was still silent, stunned by Webster's brilliant oratory as well as the position he’d taken in favor of compromise.

Like most Massachusetts men, Webster had dedicated his life to the abolition of slavery. Now, he’d foregone a lifetime of advocacy in the cause of American union. As they’d done to Adams when he defied his state in the cause of his country, the people of Massachusetts excoriated him with venomous attacks. He was a political pariah in his home state.

History bore out much of what Webster prophesized in his speech. He noted there could be no peaceful disunion. The dissolution of the states, he predicted, would be convulsive, difficult, and probably bloody. A prescient man was Daniel Webster.

But his support for the compromise disarmed southern critics. It won the day for Clay’s compromise and the union was preserved for another 11 years.

Webster had always aspired to the presidency. Following his speech, he sought the Whig nomination for the presidency. His rival was President Millard Fillmore who had become president upon the death of Zachary Taylor. Fillmore had no declared position on slavery other than compromise. Nor did the Whig party have a declared position. Nonetheless, northern abolitionists in the party deadlocked the convention. The party eventually settled on Mexican-American War hero, Winfield Scott. But, without a declared position on the greatest issue of the day, the Whig Party was doomed to disunion and death. Scott would lose to pro-southern Democrat, Franklin Pierce and the Whigs would never put forward another presidential nominee of consequence.

Webster sought the nomination of his party in 1852, he would not live to cast a vote in that election. He fell from his horse in October of that year and later succumbed to a cerebral hemorrhage.

Kennedy notes that Webster sacrificed everything he held dear – the love of his fellow Massachusetts men, his political aspirations, and many friendships, in the cause of preserving the union. Such political courage is almost impossible to imagine today.

Thomas Hart Benton
The U.S. Senate – the Club of 100 – is known, and has always been known – as the most pompous assemblage of people anywhere in these United States. No man was more pompous or arrogant than Thomas Hart Benton.

Benton was a vituperative, sarcastic, vain man given to leveling cutting and biting insults at those with whom he did not agree. He used the word, “sir” two or three times in one sentence, never with respect and almost always with contempt.

But, to the people of Missouri, he was their champion. He was the Senate’s chief spokesman for westward expansion; the floor leader of Manifest Destiny. He would not allow sectional tensions or slavery detract from the pursuit of Manifest Destiny – the expansion of the American country from sea to sea.

Slavery and abolition were impediments to that expansion and he scorned both equally. It was the Missouri Compromise of 1820 that created the state he represented in the Senate and allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state. When the proposed Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 threatened to abrogate the Missouri Compromise, Benton, with all his bluster, arrogance, and passion, made his final stand in the cause of westward expansion.

He cared little about whether Missouri was a slave state or free state. He had no patience for the arguments of abolitionists. Indeed, the Kansas-Nebraska Act offended both sections, for it called for Popular Sovereignty – or letting the people decide whether or not their new states would be slave or free.

What so disgruntled Benton was the line drawn across the United States by the proposed law. It would hinder the creation of new western states by making the entry of each new state a battle over slavery. He took to the floor of the Senate and denounced the proposed law, its supporters, and its consequences in the harshest language ever heard in that august chamber. At one point, he so enraged a fellow senator that he pulled a gun on Benton on the floor. Benton thrust open his vest and defied his fellow senator shoot him. Colleagues defused the situation before blood was shed.

The Kansas Nebraska Act was popular with the Missouri state legislature and the people of Missouri which saw its potential to expand slavery in the west. Benton saw it as a threat to union.

The Missouri legislature, dominated by fellow Democrats, decided not to send Benton back to the Senate in 1854. His unwillingness to court votes, engage lobbyists on behalf of railroads, and his nasty, arrogant disposition made it impossible for him to effectively fight for reelection. His unwillingness to put his state’s popular opinion ahead of his own belief in the importance of union and the pursuit of Manifest Destiny effectively ended the career of one of the nation’s most colorful politicians.

Were Benton a senator today, the media would no doubt carefully analyze his melt down. Politicians today do not behave as Benton did, deriding his colleagues with harsh language, dismissing ideas with which he did not agree with ugly vehemence. Indeed, today’s silent filibuster precludes the need for senators to make such declarations.

When one reads about Benton, it is impossible to not feel admiration for him in standing for the cause of union. However, as one reads the text of his various speeches and statements, laced with biting sarcasm coupled with condescending arrogance, it is also impossible to feel that, in the end, Benton got what he deserved. Arrogance such as his would have no place in today’s political discourse.

Sam Houston
Sam Houston stands as a larger than life figure in American history. The hero of Texas who defeated a much larger Mexican force at San Jacinto during the Mexican-American War, Houston was a genuine American hero of his day, much like Dwight Eisenhower would become 100 years later.

Houston was an eccentric man. He served as governor of Tennessee. But when he learned that his betrothed had only agreed to marry him out of her father’s desire to gain political clout, the heartbroken Houston left Tennessee and headed west to live with the Indians.

After living in Arkansas, he moved to the Mexico, settling in present day Texas and quickly became a high profile proponent of Texas independence. His victory at San Jacinto and his capture of Generalissimo Santa Anna made him the hero of Texas and he was elected the president of the Republic of Texas. As a strong advocate of admission of Texas to the union, he led the way on Texas’ long path to admission to the United States.

When sectional tensions of the 1850s led to Texas leaders contemplating secession, Houston spoke out forcefully against Texas leaving the union and the right of any state to secede. He had dedicated too much of his life and seen too much blood shed on Texas’ behalf to gain her admission to the union to see it scuttled by sectional tensions.

Like Benton, Houston recognized the Kansas-Nebraska Act as a dangerous law that would lead to violent separation. He opposed it vociferously, prophesying, “I see my beloved South go down in an unequal contest.”

Like others who fell on their sword in this tumultuous time, Houston fought for neither the cause of the slaveholders or the abolitionists. He was a union man. With tensions running as high as they were on the eve of secession, there was no room in the middle. Houston, unwilling to participate in the dissolution of the union, was branded a traitor by his state. He left the senate and was twice elected its governor. But when the Texas legislature ultimately voted for secession, he refused to take an oath of loyalty to the Confederacy and was removed from office.

Houston lived briefly in Galveston before ultimately leaving the state so embittered toward him for opposing its popular will and moved to Tennessee where he died in 1863.

Part Three Time and Place
Kennedy sets the scene of postwar America following the Confederacy’s surrender at Appomatox. Abraham Lincoln has been assassinated. The coarse, ill-mannered, and uneducated Andrew Johnson has assumed the presidency. In Lincoln’s last days, he’d been battling with Congress over the best way to reconcile the union and restore the Confederate states to the United States. That battle fell to the overmatched Johnson.

The Senate, controlled by radical Republicans wanted to punish the south for their disloyalty and make the path to statehood difficult. Johnson wanted to take an easier route – one that would restore the union with less rancor. The state was set for a battle over which branch would control policy.

Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act that required the president to seek the advice and counsel of the Senate in firing any member of the cabinet. Johnson immediately put the act to the test, discharging Secretary of War Edwin Stanton who was loyal to the Republicans. Republicans almost immediately brought impeachment charges against the president. The House voted to impeach the president and a trial was held in the Senate. There, President Johnson would need six Republicans to swing his way to keep his job.

It would be in the impeachment of Andrew Johnson that Edmund Ross of Kansas would, “. . .look into his open grave,” as he voted his conscience rather than how his constituents and party would have him vote.


Lucius Lamar
would act as a healing agent in the days of Reconstruction. A Mississippi House member and later senator, he would eulogize a northern Republican with words of reconciliation – words that would inflame and anger his southern constituency. He would go on cast his vote in favor of hard currency rather than free silver in the depths of economic depression, further angering the people of Mississippi.

Edmund G. Ross
Edmund Ross came to office following the suicide of Kansas senator James Henry Lane. Lane had separated from his fellow Republicans on several votes regarding Reconstruction and was thoroughly beaten down by state and national Republicans. One of those Kansans that had a hand in Lane’s demise was Edmund Ross, a radical Republican, who had accused (falsely) Lane of financial improprieties.

In the Senate, as the trial of Andrew Johnson proceeded, Republicans caucused to ascertain how many votes they had to remove the president. Five Republicans had broken ranks and were leaning toward acquittal. Edmund Ross refused to tell his colleagues how he would vote, saying he wanted to hear all of the evidence before rendering judgment.

Ross was offered bribes, patronage, and other inducements to vote with his fellow Republicans. But he refused to allow his vote to be counted before the end of the trial.

At the end of the trial, Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase sought a vote on guilt. The five Republicans who’d said they would vote against removal held out, the last vote counted was Ross’. All waited silently until Ross uttered, “not guilty.” President Johnson was spared the indignity of removal from office.

Ross’ fellow Republicans were furious with him. His Kansas constituency, so certain that he was a true Republican that would vote in their interests, were also infuriated. Newspapers excoriated him. His fellow senators shunned him. He finished out his senate term and returned to Kansas. There, he worked in the newspaper business as he had prior to entering politics. He was later appointed governor of the New Mexico territory by President Grover Cleveland.

Edmund Ross became a figure of interest in the late 1990s as the U.S. Senate proceeded with the trial of President Bill Clinton. Historians looked back on this man who had cast his vote, not with blind loyalty to his party or his constituents, but with an eye toward the future of the American government that might permanently been damaged by an overly powerful legislature and imbalance in its balance of powers.

Some journalists, mostly conservatives, derided Ross as a false hero lionized with glaring errors in Kennedy’s book. They revealed evidence that Ross had sought rather than been offered bribes and patronage. Liberal journalists held Ross up to contemporary Republicans as an example of courage they should follow.

Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar
Lucius Lamar might have been the last person any in Congress would have looked to for a plea for sanity in the days of Reconstruction and bitter feelings between the North and South following the Civil War because Lamar had been a leading proponent of secession.

As a congressman from Mississippi from 1856 to 1860, Lamar had fought hard for the southern cause. In 1860, he left the House to draft the articles of secession for Mississippi who would secede the next year. He later served in the Confederate Army as an aide to General Longsreet.

But, on the floor of the House, as Congress memorialized the most radical of the radical Republicans, Charles Sumner, Lamar asked for peace, sanity and harmony between all the states. His address moved his audience, bringing even the hardened Speaker, James Blaine to tears.

His constituents in Mississippi didn’t share Lamar’s feelings of forgiveness. They’d not forgotten Sumner’s efforts to make their lives hell in the days following the Civil War as military and carpetbagging government officials held power in their state. Newspapers railed against him and he was called traitor in some circles.

His reputation recovered and he was sent to the Senate by the state legislature in 1877. The United States was enduring a harsh depression. Exacerbated in the South by a lack of capital and business resources, the depression created widespread misery.

Many saw currency expansion through the coinage of silver as the panacea that would get the economy moving again. Silver was abundant and had climbed in value. The citizens of Mississippi demanded inflation and expansion of the supply of capital and the Mississippi legislature passed a resolution demanding that Lamar vote in favor of bimetallism.

Once again, Lamar followed his intellect and his conscience and voted against the coinage of silver. He regarded a falsely inflated currency as immoral and bad business.

His constituents were furious with him for not alleviating their misery. Rather than hide in Washington, Lamar took the road across the state, delivering speeches defending his vote for sound currency. He managed to salvage his political career and would go on to serve in the cabinet of Grover Cleveland before eventually being appointed to the Supreme Court.

Part Four: Time and Place
The time and place for the fourth part of Kennedy’s examination of courage in the Senate starts at the beginning of the 20th century. Far from that body that was so powerful in postwar America as to throw the whole system of checks and balances out of whack, the senate was now a moribund body with no dynamic leaders and no dynamic statesmen.

Into this void would step Sen. George Norris of Nebraska, a renegade Republican who made a name for himself in the House fighting to curtail the power of Speaker “Uncle Joe” Cannon and who would fight America’s entry into World War I with every parliamentary tool at his disposal. Also filling the void of statesman in the U.S. Senate was Ohio’s own, “Mr. Republican” Bob Taft whose judgment OF Nuremberg and the trial’s there were statement of conscience that challenged the conventional wisdom and political zeitgeist of his time.

George Norris
Like John Quincy Adams, it was more than one act of courage that places Sen. George Norris in Kennedy’s list of profiles in courage. Norris’ entire career in both the House and the Senate was spent bucking the system and fighting against the popular tide to defend principles in which he believed.

Norris was a loyal Republican in the House for many years. Soon, he, and other Republicans, became disaffected with the iron fist rule of Speaker “Uncle Joe” Cannon who made sure the House Rules Committee and other important committees were always stacked with loyal lieutenants, effectively controlling what legislation came before the House for votes.

He joined with progressive Republicans and Democrats in changing House rules. In parliamentary maneuvers that stunned the powerful speaker, Norris introduced legislation that assured that seniority rather than the whims of the speaker determined who sat on and chaired committees. Norris lead the charge that dethroned perhaps the most powerful Speaker of the House in U.S. history.

In the Senate, Norris fought the popular tide of war as President Woodrow Wilson led the nation toward declaring war on Germany and entering World War I. He feared that it was financial considerations and programs that benefited the wealthy that were the real reasons for entering the war. He was one of just six senators to oppose American entry into World War I.

However, he was not a mindless Republican renegade. He fought with the Republican faithful to defeat the Treaty of Versailles and American entry into the League of Nations, dealing President Wilson his greatest defeat.

Later, he would go on to support some of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal programs – particularly the Tennessee Valley Authority which meant nothing to his home state of Nebraska. But he would oppose Roosevelt’s attempt at packing the Supreme Court.

Norris did not pay a heavy price for his courage as did many of Kennedy’s heroes. The people of Nebraska did not always agree with him, but they trusted him. When he could no longer align himself with the Republican Party during the Great Depression, he left. However, he could never align himself with the Democrats. So, the people of Nebraska elected him as an independent over nominees of both parties.

Norris was a native of Bellevue, Ohio, having been born and raised just west of that northern Ohio city in York Township in Sandusky County.

Robert A. Taft
Taft was the son of an American president who aspired to the presidency himself. However, he would speak out against what he regarded a grave injustice and violation of the principles of American jurisprudence and earn the scorn of the entire country.

In remarks delivered at Kenyon College in Gambier, OH, Taft decried the Nuremberg trials where Nazi war criminals were tried, convicted, and executed. Taft claimed that it was un-American to prosecute anyone – even people as vile as the leadership of the Nazi party – without having specific laws in place under which to try them. While they had committed atrocities, Taft said, there was no law on the books that prohibited what they did. Therefore, to charge and try them was a violation of the Constitution’s prohibition against Ex Post Facto trials.

Americans were outraged. Democrats running in 1948 made political hay out of Sen. Taft’s remarks. Republicans either denounced him or distanced themselves from him. Newspapers in Ohio and across the country heaped scorn on him for coddling Nazis. Taft was given several opportunities to back away from the remarks, but stood by his principles.

Taft’s views did not hurt him so badly that Ohioans would not send him back to the Senate. Republicans elected him Majority Leader in 1953. He worked closely with the Eisenhower Administration in trying to enact Eisenhower’s domestic policies. However, his leadership of the Senate was cut short when he developed bone cancer in his legs. One leg was amputated and he continued, struggling through the pain, to lead the Senate, but he would eventually succumb to cancer. Kennedy remarks on the man’s courage in fighting the pain of his debilitating disease to do his job in his final days.

Kennedy would not only memorialize his political adversary in his profiles in courage. Kennedy chaired the Senate committee which named the five greatest senators in America history to be memorialized in the Senate Reception Room. Among them is Bob Taft.

Additional Men of Courage
Kennedy goes on to describe briefly other men and other acts of political courage. He talks of Sen. Andrew Johnson’s loyalty to the union while representing Tennessee in the Senate. That loyalty led to a noose being placed around his neck in Virginia where he came within seconds of being hanged.

He also discusses George Washington’s valiant defense of the Jay Treaty that prevented the young country from fighting another war against Great Britain and Charles Evans Hughes, as an attorney with political aspirations, fighting to allow socialists to be seated in the New York Assembly even though Hughes was an ardent Republican. He also discusses patriot John Adam’s valiant defense of the British soldiers in the case of the Boston Massacre.

The Meaning of Courage
This essay on courage is actually a defense of representative democracy as opposed to popular democracy. Each person elected to public office has the duty to do what he believes is right, regardless of party sentiment or voter affection. Truly great leaders listen to their constituents, weigh their opinions, and make the best decisions they are able based on their knowledge and principles. As current Ohio senator Sherrod Brown once told me in an interview, “Do the right thing and elections will take care of themselves.”

It is clearly understood that the prose of Kennedy’s book was penned by his aide and speechwriter, Theodore Sorensen – a speechwriter without peer in the history of our nation. But that should not discount Kennedy’s contribution and leadership in the project that became this book.

Senators and elected officials rely on others to forge speeches, letters, legislation, and opinions. No elected official has time to do it all himself. While we can enjoy Sorenson’s worthy prose in this well written book, we can be sure that the sentiments are those of John F. Kennedy.

Some historians have attacked parts of the book. Indeed, the punishment borne by those Republicans who opposed the impeachment of Andrew Johnson is overly dramatized in Kennedy's book. Historians have also criticized the inclusion of Lucius Lamar, saying he was an agitator for racial disharmony rather than the spokesman for reunification.

I agree with their assessment of the high drama Kennedy portrays in the Johnson trial. Judgment of Lucius Lamar I'll leave to those more learned in Reconstruction politics than I.

Sunday, November 13, 2011

Book to Movie: The Langoliers (1995)


Book to Movie: The Langoliers (1995)
Written and Directed by Tom Holland
Based on the novella, The Langoliers from the collection Four Past Midnight by Stephen King

Seldom does a made for television movie series so closely resemble the text of the story as does Tom Holland’s teleplay based on Stephen King’s novella, The Langoliers.

Almost every element of the story is there, including almost verbatim dialogue. The only character omitted from the original story is the drunk who sleeps through most of the events. He wasn’t important to the written story and would have been unnecessary baggage in this story.

One important difference is we learn in the opening moments Nick Hopwell’s true nature and true profession as he is given his orders by an agent to kill the girlfriend of an important politician.http://www.blogger.com/img/blank.gif

The movie is well cast. Bronson Pinchot – almost exclusively a comedic actor – plays the antagonist, Craig Toomey. His pasty makeup and Pinchot’s ability to play a maniacal ass lifts the story and makes it watchable.

David Morse, who has stellar horror credentials for his work in 12 Monkeys, the Green Mile, and Disturbia, plays Brian and like Pinchot, lifts the moribund script with his excellent acting.

Dean Stockwell plays Bob Jenkins, the know it all mystery writer and actually makes him more likeable than the written character by humanizing the smug writer whose leaps in logic always seem to be correct.

The story is as ponderous and slow as the written version. Early on, the audience is intrigued by the mystery of the disappearing people and the haunting atmosphere of the empty airport. But from there, the constant discussion and pondering slows the story to a crawl, just as in King’s story.

When the Langoliers arrive, the producers did the best they could at computer generated effects with 1995 technology. They resemble those little red dots that were used in 7Up commercials in the early 1990s, but are passable.

The effect of the time rip is straight out of Star Trek: The Next Generation. It’s a multi-colored cloud that is entrancing.

The closing moments of all of the surviving passengers walking out of the airport together, arm in arm, leaving the airport is a little too happy and cutesy for the heavy events they have just survived, including the death of a ten year old girl and the loss of the only love of Laurel’s life.

With the two part television miniseries nearly identical to the King story, it suffers from the same weaknesses. There’s the let down at the half way point when the small nature of the problem is revealed. The audience is feeling a search of urgency, but the characters are not. They continue to ponder and discuss their situation.

While worse – much worse – movies have been made based on Stephen King’s work, The Langoliers is incredibly average. Nothing in the movie makes the viewer groan with disgust. But dull, poorly paced movie never delivers a thrill either.

Saturday, November 5, 2011

Book to Movie: Secret Window (2004)


Book to Movie: Secret Window (2004)
Screenplay by David Koepp
Directed by David Koepp
Based on the novella Secret Window, Secret Garden originally published in Four Past Midnight

David Koepp used many of the elements and scenes from the Stephen King novella, Secret Window, Secret Garden, but completely changed the motivations of the characters to tell a different story.

Just as in the novella, successful author, Mort Rainey (Johnny Depp) is bedeviled by a man by the name of John Shooter (John Turturo). Like the story, Shooter accuses him of having stolen a story from him. He wants Rainey to admit to having stolen the story.

The Mort Rainey of the movie is essentially the character King created. He’s depressed about his divorce, experiencing writer’s block, and is prone to taking long naps. Instead of a cat, he owns a dog.

Events start playing out just as they did in King’s story. The Rainey house, currently inhabited by Mort’s ex-wife (Maria Bello) burns down and along with it Mort’s proof against the allegation of plagiarism. From there, the story deviates far from King’s.

When Mort’s dog is killed, he calls upon a private investigator he’s used in the past to deal with aggressive fans. It is that private investigator who ends up with Mort’s hatchet buried in his head along with the caretaker.

In the story, Mort’s incident of plagiarism is revealed to him in his dream and we come to find that the guilt of that act of theft has led him to create John Shooter and take on his identity to kill his friends and burn his home. In the movie, he has a dialogue with himself, similar to the book. Instead of plagiarism, we come to find that it was his wife’s betrayal that has driven him mad.

As Mort falls deeper into anxiety over Shooter’s demands to produce the story, Amy becomes concerned about him. She decides to visit him at the cottage to try to help him through his problems.

Just as in the story, Mort has descended into madness and ceased to be Mort Rainey, taking on the personality of John Shooter. As in the story, when Amy arrives, she finds Mort dressed as Shooter and Mort tries to kill her.

When Mort has disabled Amy and has her where he wants her, her boyfriend shows up, having followed her. Mort decapitates him, then goes to finish off Amy.

The story ends with Mort going into town to purchase groceries. It is evident that the people in town despise him. That evening, the sheriff pays Mort a visit. In Mort’s home, he finds ears upon ears of corn cooking and Mort hard at work at his typewriter, eating corn while writing. He tells Mort that he knows that Mort has killed his wife and someday he will prove it. Meanwhile, he instructs Mort to stay away from town, that people don’t want him there anymore. The camera then focuses on a garden of corn stalks and fades.

Rather than fixating on the issue of plagiarism, which is probably of greater interest to readers than to movie viewers, Koepp chooses to veil his movie with bits from the story that Mort has stolen. In that story, the main character is betrayed by his cheating wife. He eventually kills her and buries her in a garden adjacent to her home. The character is convinced that if he plants a crop and eats it, eventually her death will become a mystery to even him.

Koepp tells a different story, but it works well as a movie. Being quite familiar with the book and thinking I knew what to anticipate, I was shocked and impressed with the conclusion which was not a twist to the movie audience, but was certainly a twist to those of us who read King’s original story.

Tuesday, November 1, 2011

Four Past Midnight by Stephen King


Four Past Midnight
By Stephen King
Copyright 1990

Introduction

In his introduction to this collection of novellas, Stephen King reflects on his career as he enters middle age. He was 42 years old when he published Four Past Midnight.

He compares his career with that of Milwaukee Brewers Hall of Famer, Robin Yount, who, at that time, was entering the twilight of his great career. Yount broke into the majors the same year King published his first novel.

Robin Yount came up as a shortstop. King started his writing career with an emphasis on children bedeviled by various monsters (with a few exceptions like The Stand). To extend his career, Yount made a position change to outfielder. King, too, changed as he got older and expanded to more adult oriented horror with much of it centered around writers bedeviled by their books and by their fans.

In 1994, Yount was old by major league standards, but still playing top notch baseball. King seemed to feel that he was entering a transition in his career as well. He closes by saying that Yount isn’t quite done yet and neither is he.

One Past Midnight: The Langoliers
Captain Brian Engle is taking a deadhead flight from New York to Boston where his ex-wife has just died in a fire. He falls asleep in the first class section of the plane shortly after takeoff. He is awakened by a shrieking girl.

The girl is Dinah Bellman, a ten year old blind girl who is on her way to Boston with her aunt to have surgery performed that will restore her sight. She awakens to find that her aunt, who serve as her eyes, is not in the seat next to her. She gets out of her seat and starts walking forward, calling out for somebody to help her.

She continues forward and starts feeling in the seats. That’s when she realizes there’s nobody aboard the plane. When she grasps a wig lying in a seat, she thinks she’s grabbed human hair. She starts shrieking loudly and awakens the remaining passengers on the flight.

There are ten of them. Captain Brian Engle; Dinah Bellman; Fifth grade teacher Laurel Stephenson, who is making a trip across the country to meet a man she has corresponded with via personal ads, Nick Hopewell who is in the employ of the British government; Don Gaffney, a retired tool and die maker, businessman Rudy Warwick; Albert Kraussner, a teen violin prodigy on his way to the Berklee School of Music in Boston; Bethany Sims, a 16 year old girl on her way to a drug rehab center; Bob Jenkins, a mystery writer; and Craig Toomey, an investment banker on his way to the Boston Prudential Center to explain to his investors how he lost $43 million of their money.

The remaining passengers introduce themselves to each other and immediately begin to take stock of the situation. Brian and Nick go forward to assess the situation in the cockpit. There, they find the cockpit empty and the plane flying on autopilot.

The passengers search the plane and note that odd objects are left behind. Radios, watches, dentures, surgical pens, and other travel flotsam. As they each tell their story, the deductive mystery writer determines that the one thing they all had in common was that they were asleep when whatever happened, happened.

In the cockpit, Brian tries to raise Denver tower and finds the radio devoid of traffic. He looks out the window at where Denver should be, and it’s not there. He decides that the best thing they can do is to continue east but land at the less congested Bangor Airport as opposed to Logan.

When Toomey hears that he will not be going to Boston, he flips out. That’s when we learn that Nick Hopewell is not a mere attaché to the British Embassy. He takes the badly behaving Mr. Toomey and puts him in a nose lock and promises to send him to unexplored realms of pain if he doesn’t shut up and behave. Mr. Toomey returns to his seat and begins slowly and methodically shredding magazines – a nervous habit that helps him calm down.

Brian delivers the plane and passengers to Bangor, but it is deserted. Immediately, Dinah notices that the air tastes funny and sounds don’t have resonance. They proceed into the passenger terminal to find some food and ponder their problem.

They find the food tasteless, the beer and pop flat. Looking outside, they notice that their plane, colorful and bright, stands in sharp contrast to the surroundings which seem to be dulling in color. The matches in the terminal won’t light. Nothing in this world is any good. Meanwhile, off in the distance, they can hear a strange noise, like milk poured on Rice Krispies. . .and the sound is getting closer.

While the other survivors are pondering what happened to the world, Mr. Toomey sneaks off to find a gun with visions of forcing Brian to take him to Boston so he can make his meeting at the Prudential Center. He gets his gun from airport security, sneaks up on Laurel and puts a gun to her head and demands to be taken to Boston. Albert sneaks up on him, but Toomey sees him. Just as Albert clouts him on the head with his violin case, Toomey shoots Albert.

But the powder in the bullets don’t ignite any better than the matches and the bullet harmlessly bounces off Albert’s chest. Nick ties up Toomey and leaves him lying on the floor while they deliberate some more.

After much pondering and discussion, the mystery writer employs his powers of deductive reasoning and determines that they have traveled to the recent past where everything and everybody has moved on. Brian tells them that there were a strange weather phenomena over the Mojave and perhaps that is where they encountered their “rip” in time. Nick suggests they fly back from whence they came, the way they came.

The problem is that they are almost out of fuel and the fuel in Bangor of this time is certainly no good. Bob Jenkins, again deploying his outstanding deductive reasoning skills surmises that perhaps if objects are taken aboard the plane, which is a temporal anomaly in Bangor, perhaps those objects will work once again. Brian, Nick, Albert, and Bob set off to test this hypothesis.

Dinah is left in the terminal, accompanied by Laurel, Gaffney, and Warwick to keep an eye on Toomey. Toomey tells them that the Langoliers are coming. The Langoliers are little creatures with quick little legs who chase down and eat slow and dull children, or so his father told him. Craig Toomey lives his life as a type A personality, driven by the childhood fears of Langoliers that will eat him should he slow down.

The group wanders away from Toomey to get away from his horror stories. They walk to the windows to watch what’s going on out at the airplane. While they are not looking, Toomey slips loose and gets to a food counter where he grabs a knife. He then surprises Dinah and stabs her in the chest and takes off running.

On the plane, Brian and his friends find that the objects and material brought aboard are restored to their earlier properties. Brian says he can use the plane’s engines to pump fuel from a fuel truck and get the plane ready for takeoff.

Nick returns to the terminal to see to Dinah who has a punctured lung and is certainly dying. He dispatches Albert and Gaffney to find a stretcher so they can move Dinah back to the plane. As Nick is seeing her to her wounds, Dinah implores Nick to not kill Toomey, telling him that they still need Toomey.

Gaffney and Albert find airport emergency services and walk in. Albert immediately spots a stretcher and moves toward it. But Toomey is lurking behind the tour and ambushes Gaffney, stabbing and killing him. Albert, armed with a toaster wrapped in a blanket, swings his makeshift sling, and knocks Toomey unconscious.

The group gets Dinah on the stretcher and heads for the airplane as Brian makes ready the engines and the fuel truck. They begin the long, slow process of pumping the fuel into the plane. Meanwhile, the ominous crunching sound is a lot closer and they can see trees and power towers falling in the distance.

Dinah is delirious, but has a mental connection with Mr. Toomey. She implores him to get up, telling him that the Boston bankers have come all the way to Bangor to hear his important presentation. Toomey struggles to rise and get to his meeting. He sees visions of his father, accusing him of laying down on the job. He runs through the terminal and out onto the tarmac where he sees a boardroom table with men waiting to talk to him.

As they are reaching the final stages of fueling, the group gets their first look at the Langoliers who are literally eating existence. They are little black balls with huge, sharp teeth that zig and zag as they make their way through matter. They make their way past the plane to Mr. Toomey, who stand before an imaginary board of directors, explaining how he lost $43 million in bad foreign currency investments.

When he sees the Langoliers, Toomey begins to run. The Langoliers pursue, giving Brian time to get the plane started and taxiing. The Langoliers catch Toomey, cutting him off at the legs and then turning to finish him off as he pleads with them that he’ll be a good boy from now on.

After being sure that Mr. Toomey has diverted the Langoliers long enough to allow the plane a chance to take off, Dinah dies from her wounds.

Brian launches the plane down the runway as the Langoliers begin to turn their attention to the airport and its environs. He manages to get the plane aloft before all of Bangor falls into non existence.

The group flies across the country, or what’s left of it down below as the Langoliers do their work of eating the setting of times past. They reach the temporal anomaly and Brian prepares to fly them through and hopefully, back to their own time at LAX. Just then, it occurs to the deductive Bob Jenkins that they have forgotten that they must be asleep lest they disappear into nothingness just as the other passengers did. Brian turns the plane around and enters a holding pattern as they discuss what to do next. Meanwhile, their fuel supply dwindles.

Brian tells them he can put them all to sleep by depressurizing the cabin, but that somebody – namely him – has to be awake to land the plane. Nick Hopwell, who feels he has a lot to atone for from his bloody work of fighting for Her Majesty, agrees to take the oxygen mask and stay awake to start cabin repressurization in time to wake up Brian to land the plane.

Laurel, who has fallen in love with Nick is horrified. She boarded a cross country flight to take a blind chance on finding love, but found it aboard the plane. Now, she is going to lose it. Nick says he has a lot to atone for and this is his way to do it. He asks Laurel to visit his father in England and tell him that, in the end, he got redemption.

Brian depressurizes the cabin and everybody goes to sleep except Nick who is using an oxygen mask. As the plane heads toward the time rip, Nick starts to repressurize the cabin. When it passes through the rip, Nick disappears, his watch falling to the floor.

Brian awakens and begins the approach to LAX. He is out of fuel and has to take the plane in hard. He lands the plane and coasts down the runway, eventually crashing into a gate. They come to rest and look out the window. They immediately notice that LAX looks just like Bangor. It is abandoned. The passenger and their captain despair.

They get out of the plane and enter the terminal. They notice some distinct differences between Bangor and LAX. LAX seems more “there.” The colors are more vivid and the sounds resonate. They also hear a humming sound that is growing louder.

Deductive wizard Bob Jenkins tells them that they have actually moved a few minutes into the future and that time is catching up with them quickly. He forces them up against a wall so they’ll be out of the way when the moment arrives.

The passengers watch as the world quickly appears around them. A kid notices that the passengers have appeared out of thin air and tells his dad about it. But nobody else notices. The passengers of the aborted flight leave the airport to resume their lives.

When I first read this story, the mystery really had me intrigued. King gives us scant clues as to what is happening, but it is exciting. There’s also the element of the locked room mystery. Whatever occurred on the plane occurred in a sealed environment.

However, as the nature of their predicament becomes apparent, there is a real let down. I was expecting something much more ominous and exciting than merely traveling back in time a few minutes to find an empty airport.

Also, much too much time is spend with mystery writer, whom King develops as a second rate Sherlock Holmes, always making sure he has an audience while he dispenses his brilliant deductions, some of which he correctly arrives at despite having scant information.

The characters recognize early on that time is of the essence in solving their problem. Yet they continue to provide their rapt attention to Jenkins as he has them conduct experiment after experiment to reveal what has happened. There was way too much deliberation and not nearly enough well paced action in the story.

King cleverly overcomes the obstacle of how to put the passengers to sleep and that lifts the second half of the story, perhaps salvaging what was an otherwise average effort.

This story spanned 240 pages and could have easily been published as a novel. Had it been a stand-alone novel, it would have ranked as below average. While there was much to like about it early on, when the nature of the problem presents itself, it becomes much more dull.

Two Past Midnight: Secret Window, Secret Garden

Author Mort Rainey is awakened from a nap by a knock on his door. At his door is a man named John Shooter who accuses him of stealing his story.

Rainey is beside himself with anger because plagiarism is the worst charge that can be leveled at a writer. Shooter says he’s from Mississippi and he picked up a copy of Rainey’s short stories in a bus station and discovered the story that he claims to have written. He leaves a copy of his manuscript and promises their business is not completed.

Rainey tosses the manuscript into the garbage, but his housekeeper pulls it out, thinking that Rainey has thrown it there by accident. When Mort finds the manuscript later, he reads some it and notes the striking resemblance to his story Secret Window, Secret Garden. Now he’s ticked that someone has stolen his story.

He encounters Rainey one day while on a walk. Rainey asks Shooter when allegedly wrote this story. Shooter says he wrote it in 1982. Mort feels a moment of triumph as he tells Shooter that the story was first published in Ellery Queen’s Mystery Magazine in 1980 – two years prior to when Shooter says he wrote the story. Shooter is thrown off stride by this and tells Rainey he has three days to produce the magazine and prove that he did not steal the story.

Mort knows he has a copy in the study of his home back in Derry where his recently divorced wife still lives. He calls his ex-wife and tells her he’ll be down tomorrow to get the story. He then takes a long nap. When he awakens, he finds his cat stabbed to death with a screwdriver and pinned to his back door.

He also learns that his former home has been burned to the ground during the night. It is an obvious case of arson and the fire started in his old study where the magazine was allegedly stored.

Growing more desperate, he contacts his publisher about getting a copy of the magazine Fedexed to him. Meanwhile, he contacts the local police about his dead cat and the man threatening him. He asks the sheriff to talk to a local care taker who saw Rainey talking to shooter near the beach.

Mort, meanwhile, must deal with the arson at his former home. He meets his ex-wife and her new lover at the insurance adjustor’s office. While there, he realizes he still has feelings for his ex-wife, even after catching her in bed in a no-tell motel with her current lover. They go over all that they lost that represented their lives together and Mort is devastated, as is his wife, Amy.

The next day, Mort finds that the caretaker and the man he asked to help him have been murdered with tools from Mort’s shed. They lie dead at the exact spot where Rainey met Shooter the day prior.

Mort returns home and Shooter calls and is angry that Mort involved outsiders in their private business. Shooter promises to show up the next day to see the copy of the magazine. Mort, mentally exhausted, falls asleep again.

He awakens and obsesses over the situation. He remembers that he might have stolen a story once, but it was many years before and it certainly wasn’t Secret Window, Secret Garden which he recalls was inspired by a window in his wife’s study that looked out on a small garden hidden from view from the house.

Mort goes to the post office to retrieve the package that contains the magazine. He finds that his story has been excised from the magazine, along with the table of contents that had his name in them. He rushes home to figure out what he’s going to do about the maniacal John Shooter who is supposed to be arriving that afternoon to see the magazine.

He falls asleep and dreams of his college days in creative writing. In his creative writing class, there was a student by the name of Dellacourt who was a brilliant writer of stories – better than Rainey. But the student dropped out of the class and was never seen again. Mort was bitterly jealous of the young man’s writing ability.

Several months later, after receiving several rejection letters for his own work, Mort comes across a manuscript written by Dellacourt. He decides, as a joke, to submit the manuscript as his own work, just to prove that Dellacourt would also be rejected. However, the magazine accepts the manuscript. At first, Mort resolves that he will withdraw the manuscript, but ultimately doesn’t and it is published. He then spends the next year living in mortal fear that he will be out\ed as a plagiarist. No one ever learns of his duplicity.

He awakens and walks to his study. There, he finds his word processor smashed and replaced with an old Royal typewriter which he used to write on. As he looks at the typewriter, he realizes that there never has been a John Shooter, that he is John Shooter. His conscience has come back to haunt him and he has killed all these people and burned his own home.

At this time, Amy arrives to find out why Mort has been acting so weird. She encounters Mort, now dressed and acting like John Shooter. Shooter says he has to kill her. He pursues Amy through the house and she runs out the back door. Just as Mort is about to stab her, he is shot by the insurance investigator who has been following Amy as part of his investigation into the arson.

The story concludes with the insurance investigator explaining how he figured out that Mort had set the fire at his house. Amy theorizes that Mort became two people, with Shooter’s personality finally taking over.

This was the strongest story in the book. That Mort and Shooter are the same person becomes apparent early on and King is making only token efforts at shielding that. Every event transpires while Mort is taking one of his many naps. But that’s not the crux of the story.

The reader is engaged in wondering how it’s all going to play out. Mort and his agent are both confident that the story does exist in the magazine. The reader believes it too and this is a masterful red herring. It’s not until the end that King reveals the reason why Mort Rainey has come unraveled.

Three Past Midnight: The Library Policeman

Rotary member Sam Peebles is asked at the last minute to give a speech before his local club. Sam is not a practiced speechfier and needs help.

He drafts a speech and has his secretary, Naomi, look it over. Naomi tells him it is full of good information, but is dry. She recommends that he spice it up by adding a joke or two as well as some inspirational poetry. She tells him to go to the library and pick up a couple reference books to help him find the right material.

The thought of going to the library fills Sam with dread, although he has no idea why. When Naomi mentions the idea, his mouth fills with the taste of red licorice, which he’s never tried, but hates. A single line, spoken by a man with a lisp also runs through his head” “Come with me, thun, I’m a poleethman.”

Sam goes to the library. He takes a look around and notices how retro the whole library looks. He is taken aback at the posters in the children’s library and the sign at the entrance that reads, “SILENCE!” The standard posters advising kids of the joys of reading and warning them of stranger danger are not nice, sunny pictures to inspire joy. They are fearful posters that Sam is sure would inspire terror rather than motivation. As examines these posters, he comes across the fearful visage of a shadowy, creepy creature dubbed, The Library Policeman. He’s the guy that comes to get the kid who does not turn in his books on time. For reasons unknown to him, his anxiety returns.

As he’s taking in the posters at the children’s library, he is approached by the librarian who introduces herself as Ardelia Lortz. Sam describes his predicament to Ardelia who is able to help Sam find two reference books that will meet his needs. Sam checks out a book of poems and an old book called, The Speaker’s Companion.

As Ardelia is processing his library card and checking him out, she reminds him that these particular books are only one week loans and he must have them back on time. Her tone and domineering posture make it clear that she’s not joking.

Sam delivers his speech and it is a rousing success. He sees business at his insurance and real estate business soar during the week after as the accolades continue to flow. Sam is basking in his glory and his new cash flow when it dawns on him that the books are due.

He rushes home from the office and looks for the books. They are not to be found. His anxiety is cranked high. Thoughts of the dreaded library policeman run through his head and the taste of licorice flood his mouth. He searches his office and can’t find the books. Finally, he reaches a conclusion: Dirty Dave has taken his books.

Dirty Dave is a town drunk that goes around and collects newspapers and other recyclables to sell for money to live on. Sam is now dreadfully sure that he picked up the books when he bundled the newspapers for Dave to take.

That evening, as Sam spends and uncomfortable evening at home, pondering the fate of his two lost tomes, there is a knock at the door. When Sam answers it, he finds a tall, looming figure dressed in a trench coat and wearing a fedora. He forces his way into the room and takes Sam into his firm grasp. He says with a lisp that he’s the Library Poleethman and he’s here for the books. Sam’s mouth fills with that red licorice taste again as he trembles and tells the man that he does not have the books. The Library Policeman tells Sam he’d better come up with him or things will go badly. Later, Ardelia Lortz calls and tells Sam she’s going to give him an extension to return the books. She adds with great menace that, if he does not return the books, he’ll regret it.

The next day at work, Sam raises the name of Ardelia Lortz with Naomi who has a visceral reaction when Sam mentions her name, but doesn’t provide him any clues as to why, dismissing it as something that happened a long time ago. Later, when Naomi’s mother calls, looking for her, Sam asks her about it. The woman is filled with anger at the mention of the name, and she chides him for bringing it up before she hangs up on him.

That evening, Sam heads for the area shelter where Dirty Dave lives to ask him if he has the books. He inadvertently walks into an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting. There, he sees Dirty Dave along with Naomi and a couple of the town’s leading citizens who, during the day, Sam is sure would not give Dirty Dave the time of day. He is unobserved, so he waits patiently outside for the meeting to break up. He approaches Dave who tells him that he’s already taken the day’s load to the recycling center.

Hoping against hope that his books will still be intact, Sam heads for the recycling center. After an extensive search of the detritus from the day’s haul, Sam finds the water laden dust jacket of one of the books. Anxiety turns to terror for he knows he can not return the books and the Library Policeman will be paying another visit.

That evening, he calls the shelter to ask Dave if he knows anything about Ardelia Lortz. The mere mention of her name sends Dave into an absolute panic and he keeps telling Dave what happened with Lortz wasn’t his fault. Then someone takes the phone away from Dave. It is Naomi, who is known to residents of the shelter and to her fellow A.A. members as Sarah. Naomi tells Dave he is a horrible, hateful man to bring up Ardelia Lortz to Dave and that she will never work for or speak to him again and hangs up the phone. Dave feels all alone now, facing the problem of the psychotic librarian and her henchman.

The next afternoon, Sam goes to the library, planning to tell the librarian that he’s lost the books and offer to pay for them. When he arrives at the library, he finds the interior does not remotely resemble the library he visited earlier. It is modern, with the old skylights covered with a drop ceiling and the scary posters replaced by happy posters. The sign that once demanded, “SILENCE!” has been replaced with a friendly greeting. He finds the library staffed by teen volunteers, none of whom have ever heard of Ardelia Lortz.

Sam decides to research the old newspapers to ascertain what he can about the library’s history. He comes across a section of the newspaper from several years prior that documents the library’s history on its 50th anniversary. He reads the roster of prior librarians and the years they served. He notes a gap in the documented history of the library in the late 1960s. Ardelia Lortz is not among those listed as having served as librarian.

As he’s pondering this, he is taken by surprise as Naomi approaches him from behind. She tells him that she has come to apologize for having been so abrupt with him, realizing that he must not have known about Ardelia Lortz, her horrendous crime, and Dirty Dave’s connection to it. She invites him to come to the shelter that evening because Dave wants to tell his story and do what he can to help Sam.

They go to the shelter and Dave tells his story. Back when he was a young man in the 1960s, attending church, he met the town’s new librarian, Ardelia Lortz at a Sunday worship and was immediately smitten. He was drinking then, but still a respected artist and sign painter who did a good business in the town. He started spending more and more time with Ardelia, in her bed and with her at the library. Ardelia put his talents to work, drawing the scary posters Dave saw. He tells them that he learned that Ardelia Lortz was not human, that she was an evil creature who fed off of the fear of children.

Despite knowing her nature, Dave could not break away from her spell. He began to drink more and more and before long he lost his business. But he still had Ardelia. One evening, as Dave lay in his cups, Ardelia flew into a rage about the town’s police chief who was starting to question Ardelia’s methods of running the library and how she was treating the children. She planned to kill him and then to “hibernate.” To hibernate, she needed to kill a couple children to fuel herself on their fear. She tells Dave that he, too, must kill a child and join her in hibernation.

Ardelia goes on to kill the police chief, causing him to have a heart attack. She then abducts two children and kills them. Dave, still under her spell, stalks a child, but at the last minute has a moment of clarity and cannot go through with it. He’s left behind with the knowledge of Ardelia’s true, supernatural nature and the guilt of two dead children on his conscience.

Dave tells Sam that he’s in deep trouble because Ardelia will need to kill again and hibernate before she is discovered again. Dave tells Sam that there must be something in his past, a “Library Policeman” that Ardelia is exploiting to create terror in him. Sam assures him that there is not. Dave tells Sam to acquire new copies of the books he lost and to present them to Ardelia after the library closes. Dave hopes that that will make things even for Sam and put the matter to rest.

They are able to locate the books they need at a book store more than 100 miles away in Des Moines. Dave says he has a friend who has a private plane that owes him payback for a huge favor done many years prior. Dave tells them to fly to Des Moines and return with the books and he will meet them at the library after it closes.

Naomi and Sam fly to Des Moines with Dave’s friend who tells them that he does indeed owe Dave a favor so large that he’s willing to drop what he’s doing to fly them. They acquire the books at the bookstore. On the flight back, Sam falls asleep and has a terrifying dream that brings back to memory a past trauma.

He’s a young man on his way to the library, eating sticks of red licorice, his favorite candy. He is going to return a book that is four days past due. He approaches the library and on the steps, he sees a man dressed in a dark trench coat, wearing sunglasses and bearing a large scar on his face. He stops ten year old Sam and asks him if his book is overdue. Sam tells him it is. The man then says, “Come with me. I’m a poleethman and you have to pay a fine.” He takes Sam to a secluded area near the library and rapes him. Sam awakens terrified with just hazy memories of the dream, but a clear idea of what must be done at the library.

Naomi and Sam return and head for the library. Along the way, Sam purchases several packages of red licorice and wads them into balls for no reason he can understand, just knowing that that is what he must do to fight Ardelia and her policeman. They arrive at the library to find Dave waiting for them. They wait outside as the last of the library’s patrons and real, current staff leave for the night. They then enter through the delivery door. They find the library as it looked circa 1960.

The Library Policeman is there to ambush them. He grabs Dave and tells them that the librarian has a score to settle with Dave who left her alone all those years ago. Sam says that may be, but Sam has a score to settle with the policeman. The policeman tosses Dave across the room where his head strikes a fire extinguisher and he falls unconscious. He then grabs Naomi. He plants a taunting kiss on her neck. Sam orders the policeman to let Naomi go and to deal with him. He tosses Naomi aside.

Dave tells the policeman that he has the books and past fines are all paid. He then attacks the policeman, striking him with the books he has acquired. The policeman is stricken and begins an abrupt change from something resembling a human into a dwarf like creature with a long proboscis. This is Ardelia’s true nature. She attacks Sam and holds him. She enchants him with her eyes. He is paralyzed. She then extends her proboscis and begins to lick the strange, pinkish tears from Sam’s face.

Sam realizes that she’s feeding on his fear and is able to find his resolve. He takes one of the balls of licorice and plugs the proboscis with it. Ardelia stumbles about, trying to get her nose unplugged, but can’t. She finally explodes with guts and tissue flying all over the room.

Naomi and Sam go to Dave whose obviously sustained a substantial skull fracture. He’s barely conscious, but he tells Dave to remember that Ardelia finds a way to go on through time; that she survives and for Sam to make sure she is gone forever. He then dies.

A couple days later, Sam attends a memorial service for Dave at the shelter. He notices that Naomi has left the room. He goes out back to find her standing, contemplating the railroad tracks. She tells him that she doesn’t feel well and that, for the first time in a long time, she wants a drink. Sam hears a train approaching and knows what Naomi is contemplating.

He also notices a large welt where the policeman kissed her. He recalled Dave’s final warning about Ardelia finding the means to maintain her existence. He find one of the balls of licorice left over from his earlier encounter in his coat. He grabs Naomi who he now knows is no longer Naomi – but Ardelia. He places the ball of licorice against the welt. Ardelia screams and the ball of licorice swells and pulses. Sam removes the licorice from Naomi’s neck and places it on the track where it is promptly run over by the train. Naomi screams and collapses.

She awakens a short time later to find that she’s her old self again. Naomi and Sam are now confident that the creature that was Ardelia Lortz and the Library Policeman is truly dead. They live happily ever after.

This story was weak, but was compensated with exceptionally strong characters.

The story was weak because King leaves a couple important details unresolved. At one point, Dave describes the Library Policeman as Ardelia’s henchman. But the end leads us to believe there was but one being. This inconsistency is never rationalized.

The other glaring plot hole was in the incident that lead to the books being lost. Had Sam not made the error of placing the books out with the recycling, he’d have returned them on time and nothing would have happened. The event that triggered the crisis was caused by human accident. We are lead to believe that Sam was targeted by Ardelia because of his past fearful association with the library. But she took no action to bring Sam back to the library, instead leaving it to chance. I know it’s a small issue, but it did take away from the story.

What is fantastic is the character development of Dirty Dave. The concept of the noble drunk is a cliché to be certain. However, King takes the time in a short novel to give this character incredible depth. The tale that Dave tells about his past association with Ardelia Lortz takes up nearly one third of the book and succeeds in making the gifted artist turned town drunk into a tragic character.

When the pilot tells the tale of a younger Dave, a younger drunk, but still a functioning artist, painting the portraits of the Kansas City Royals on baseballs and getting them autographed for the pilot’s dying son, it adds tremendously to the sympathy the reader feels for this unwashed, unkempt man who once had a great talent and was respected for it. King invests many pages in telling this tale as well.

This story should have been expanded into a novel and the creature that was Ardelia assigned a backstory to make her more terrifying. Knowing King’s proclivity at character development, he could have made Ardelia Lortz and the Library Policeman into something truly terrifying.

Four Past Midnight: The Sun Dog
All Kevin Delevan wants for his 15th birthday is a Polaroid Sun 660 Camera. That is exactly what he gets. But excitement turns to disappointment – and eventually horror – when he finds that it does not take pictures of what it is pointed at.

Kevin takes his first picture which is supposed to be of his family. Instead, what comes out is a picture of a black mongrel dog walking on a sidewalk with a dilapidated picket fence in the background. Kevin considers taking it back to the store to exchange it, but it is damaged at his birthday party, making it impossible to return.

Kevin’s father recommends that he take the camera to Pop Merrill, the owner of Castle Rock’s pawn shop. He is known to be pretty handy with fixing mechanical devices. Kevin decides to pay a visit to Pop.

Pop inspects the camera and the photos Kevin brings in with him. He notices that each photo is just a little different – that the dog is moving and that, in one shot, it is clearly evident the photographer (whoever he or she is) has adjusted to keep the dog in the frame. Pop tells Kevin that he can’t even open the camera because it is plastic and designed to never be opened.

Pop is curious about the camera and sees a potential profit in it. Kevin is haunted by the images of the dirty mongrel because there’s something sinister about it. He says he’s considering smashing the camera. Pop tells Kevin he can do just that right there in the shop, but Pop proposes and experiment before they dispose of the camera.

Kevin purchases a packet of fifty exposures and over the next three days takes pictures at regular intervals. At the end of those three days, he takes the camera back to Pop and they examine the pictures together. It is evident that the dog is moving and is starting to turn. Kevin wants to destroy the camera. Pop tells him to hold off a little longer and to come back to the shop tomorrow.

That day before Kevin’s arrival, Pop Merrill runs some errands. He takes the pictures to a friend of his who transfers photographs to videotape and has the pictures converted. He stops by a department store and buys an identical Polaroid Sun 660 Camera. He plans to frighten Kevin a little more so he’ll want to get rid of the camera and he’s scheming to get his hands on it so he can sell it to collectors of supernatural artifacts.

Kevin and his dad show up at Pop Merrill’s shop the next evening and Pop has laid his plan well. Prior to their arrival, Pop has smashed the Polaroid he just bought and stowed the pieces out of sight in his shop. When Kevin and his dad arrive, Pop takes the camera from them for another “examination” and sets it down precariously close to the edge of the counter. He then invites Kevin and his father upstairs to view the videotape.

The tape frightens Kevin and his father. It is evident that the dog has taken notice of the photographer and his making ready to turn and attack. Pop dismisses himself as Kevin and his dad review the tape again, goes downstairs, and feigns a crashing sound. He hides Kevin’s camera and scatters the pieces of the other Polaroid on the floor. He tells Kevin and his father that they won’t need to smash the camera after all. It has met an unfortunate, accidental end in their shop. The Delevans are relieved.

That night, Kevin starts having recurring nightmares about living in a two dimensional world inhabited by two dimensional people – people who live in photographs. They are trying to tell him something. Eventually Kevin figures out that Pop Merrill has swindled him out of his camera. He also knows that if that dog gets lose, it’s coming for him because, regardless of the possessor, the camera is his, as is the dog.

Meanwhile, Pop Merrill is getting caught up in a mania of his own. He’s convinced that he can get thousands of dollars from some customer interested in supernatural material. But his “mad hatter” customers are not interested. Each has a different reason. One dismisses it as uninteresting and unremarkable. Another thinks it’s too horrifying. Another sees it as useless.

At each stop, Pop Merrill takes a few pictures. The dog has turned and is prepared to launch itself at the photographer. Now Pop, not the most imaginative of people, is concerned about that camera and that dog. He resolves to destroy the camera himself. But he’s too late. He’s under the spell of the camera and the dog.

He stops on his way home to buy pipe tobacco. Instead, he unknowingly buys Polaroid film. Meanwhile, Kevin and his father are making a few purchases of their own. They buy another Polaroid 660 Land Camera and a packet of film.

Back at his shop, Pop resolves to take the camera to his back yard and smash it. Instead, he puts the camera on the counter and takes a cuckoo clock out back to smash. Now that he thinks he’s put the nasty camera business behind him, Pop returns to his shop to tinker on a clock. In reality, he’s snapping picture after picture, bringing the dog closer to the photographer and to our world.

Kevin and his dad arrive at Merrill’s shop to find that he’s exhausted his film. Stacks of pictures lay on the counter. One, however, is starting to take on a third dimension. The picture pulsates and it appears as if something is trying to escape from it. Finally, a dog’s head bursts through and rips into Merrill, killing him. It continues to try to push its way out.

Inspired by his dream, Kevin aims his camera the way a hunter aims his gun – to kill. Kevin is careful to get the entire dog, now more than halfway out of its birth from Polaroid Land to the real world, into the frame of the picture, and snaps the shot with his new camera. The dog disappears, trapped once again inside a Polaroid camera.

In the story’s epilogue, Kevin receives a word processor (back when word processors were stand alone devices) as a gift. He is excited about his new toy and sets it up. He types in the typist practice phrase, “The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy sleeping dog.” What appears on the screen is entirely different. Kevin reads the monitor with horror, for written there is, “The Dog is loose again. And it is not sleeping. It is not lazy. It’s coming for you, Kevin and it’s very hungry. And it’s VERY angry.”

In its introduction, King tells us that this story is meant to serve as a bridge to what he says will be the final Castle Rock story. We met Sheriff Alan Pangborn in The Dark Half and he makes a token appearance in The Sun Dog. We also see Deputy Norris Ridgewick and there are several mentions of the town selectman, Dan “Buster” Keaton and Polly Chalmers, owner of the You Sew and Sew. Each will play an important role in the final Castle Rock story, Needful Things.

We also learn that Pop’s nephew, Ace – the antagonist from The Body – is doing a stint at Shawshank Prison for an armed robbery, put there by Sheriff Pangborn. This sets up one of the conflicts coming in Needful Things. We also learn that Pangborn’s wife died in a car accident and that before she died, she’d learned that she had a brain tumor.

Needful Things is a long book, so having a novella to introduce a few characters and set up the coming conflicts and subplots served King’s needs.

The story is enjoyable, if not particularly compelling. A great deal of effort went into developing Pop Merrill as a character integral to the life of the residents of Castle Rock, just to have him die at the end of the story.

Four Past Midnight was the second of three volumes of novellas published by King. It is not nearly as good as Different Seasons and its stories are not as good as those published in Full Dark, No Stars. While Secret Window, Secret Garden ranks as one of King’s better stories, the book in its entirety ranks far down the list of King’s works.